Chapter 7 APC

 

Chapter 7

Constructors

Class 10 - APC Understanding Computer Applications with BlueJ

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Fill in the blanks

Question 1

A member function having the same name as that of the class name is called constructor.

Question 2

A constructor has return no type.

Question 3

A constructor is used when an object is created

Question 4

A constructor without any argument is known as non-parameterised constructor.

Question 5

Parameterised constructor creates objects by passing value to it.

Question 6

The this keyword refers to the current object.

Question 7

The argument of a copy constructor is always passed by reference.

Question 8

The constructor generated by the compiler is known as default constructor.

Write TRUE or FALSE for the following statements

Question 1

The compiler supplies a special constructor in a class that does not have any constructor.
True

Question 2

A constructor is not defined with any return type.
True

Question 3

Every class must have all types of constructors.
False

Question 4

A constructor is a member function of a class.
True

Question 5

Constructor is used to initialize the data members of a class.
True

Question 6

A constructor may have different name than the class name.
False

Question 7

A constructor is likely to be defined after the class declaration.
False

Question 8

Copy constructor copies functions from one object to another.
False

Answer the following

Question 1

What is meant by a constructor?

A constructor is a member method that is written with the same name as the class name and is used to initialize the data members or instance variables. It is invoked at the time of creating any object of the class. For example:

Employee emp = new Employee();

Here, Employee() is invoking a default constructor.

Question 2

Name the different types of constructors used in a class program.

1. Parameterised constructor
2. Non-parameterised constructor

Question 3

Why do we need a constructor as a class member?

A constructor is used to initialize the objects of the class with a legal initial value.

Question 4

Explain the following terms:

(a) Constructor with default argument

Java specification doesn't support default arguments in methods so Constructor with default argument cannot be written in Java.

(b) Parameterised constructor

A Parameterised constructor receives parameters at the time of creating an object and initializes the object with the received values.

(c) Copy constructor

A constructor used to initialize the instance variables of an object by copying the initial values of the instance variables from another object is known as Copy Constructor.

(d) Constructor overloading

The process of using a number of constructors with the same name but different types of parameters is known as Constructor overloading.

Question 5

Why is an object not passed to a constructor by value? Explain.

Constructors are special member methods of the class. Objects are non-primitive data types so they are passed by reference and not by value to constructors. If objects were passed by value to a constructor then to copy the objects from actual arguments to formal arguments, Java would again invoke the constructor. This would lead to an endless circular loop of constructor calls.

Question 6

State the difference between constructor and method.

Constructor	Method
It is a block of code that initializes a newly created object.	It is a group of statements that can be called at any point in the program using its name to perform a specific task.
It has the same name as class name.	It should have a different name than class name.
It has no return type	It needs a valid return type if it returns a value otherwise void
It is called implicitly at the time of object creation	It is called explicitly by the programmer by making a method call
If a constructor is not present, a default constructor is provided by Java	In case of a method, no default method is provided.
It is not inherited by subclasses.	It may or may not be inherited depending upon its access specifier.

Question 7

Explain two features of a constructor.

1. A constructor has the same name as that of the class.
2. A constructor has no return type, not even void.

Question 8

Differentiate between the following statements:
abc p = new abc();
abc p = new abc(5,7,9);

The first statement abc p = new abc(); is calling a non-parameterised constructor to create and initialize an object p of class abc. The second statement abc p = new abc(5,7,9);is calling a parameterised constructor which accepts three arguments to create and initialize an object p of class abc.

Question 9

Fill in the blanks to design a class:

class Area
{
int l, b;
    Area(int x, int y) {
        l = x;
        b = y;
    }
}

Question 10

Create a class Rectangle with data members length, breadth and height. Use a parameterised constructor to initialize the object. With the help of function surfacearea() and volume(), calculate and display the surface area and volume of the rectangle.

Answer

class Rectangle {
    double length;
    double breadth;
    double height;

    public Rectangle(double l, double b, double h) {
        length = l;
        breadth = b;
        height = h;
    }

    public void surfacearea() {
        double sa = 2 * (length * breadth + breadth * height + length * height);
        System.out.println("Surface Area = " + sa);
    }

    public void volume() {
        double vol = length * breadth * height;
        System.out.println("Volume = " + vol);
    }
}

Question 11

What are the temporary instances of a class?

If we don't assign an object created by the new operator to a variable then it is known as a temporary instance or an anonymous object. If we want to use an object only once, then we can use it as a temporary instance. The below example illustrates this:

class Sum {
    int x;
    int y;

    public Sum(int a, int b) {
        x = a;
        y = b;
    }

    public void computeSum() {
        int s = x + y;
        System.out.println("Sum = " + s);
    } 

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Sum(3, 5).computeSum();
    }
}

In the main method, the object of class Sum is not assigned to any variable. We use it just to print the sum of 3 and 5 after which it is destroyed.

Question 12

Create a class Right_Triangle having data members as the perpendicular and base of a right-angled triangle(int p, int b). Use a parameterised constructor to initialize the object. With the help of function area( ) and diagonal( ), calculate and display the area and diagonal of the right angled triangle.

Answer

class Right_Triangle {
    int p;
    int b;

    public Right_Triangle(int x, int y) {
        p = x;
        b = y;
    }

    public void area() {
        double a = 0.5 * p * b;
        System.out.println("Area = " + a);
    }

    public void diagonal() {
        double c = Math.sqrt(p * p + b * b);
        System.out.println("Diagonal = " + c);
    }
}

Solutions to Unsolved Java Programs

Question 1

Write a program by using a class with the following specifications:

Class name — Hcflcm

Data members/instance variables:

1. int a
2. int b

Member functions:

1. Hcflcm(int x, int y) — constructor to initialize a=x and b=y.
2. void calculate( ) — to find and print hcf and lcm of both the numbers.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Hcflcm
{
    private int a;
    private int b;
    
    public Hcflcm(int x, int y) {
        a = x;
        b = y;
    }
    
    public void calculate() {
        int x = a, y = b;
        while (y != 0) {
            int t = y;
            y = x % y;
            x = t;
        }
        
        int hcf = x;
        int lcm = (a * b) / hcf;
        
        System.out.println("HCF = " + hcf);
        System.out.println("LCM = " + lcm);
    }
    
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        
        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter first number: ");
        int x = in.nextInt();
        System.out.print("Enter second number: ");
        int y = in.nextInt();
        
        Hcflcm obj = new Hcflcm(x,y);
        obj.calculate();
    }
}

Output

Question 2

An electronics shop has announced a special discount on the purchase of Laptops as given below:

Category	Discount on Laptop
Up to ₹25,000	5.0%
₹25,001 - ₹50,000	7.5%
₹50,001 - ₹1,00,000	10.0%
More than ₹1,00,000	15.0%

Define a class Laptop described as follows:

Data members/instance variables:

1. name
2. price
3. dis
4. amt

Member Methods:

1. A parameterised constructor to initialize the data members
2. To accept the details (name of the customer and the price)
3. To compute the discount
4. To display the name, discount and amount to be paid after discount.

Write a main method to create an object of the class and call the member methods.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Laptop
{
    private String name;
    private int price;
    private double dis;
    private double amt;

    public Laptop(String s, int p)
    {
        name = s;
        price = p;
    }

    public void compute() {
        if (price <= 25000)
            dis = price * 0.05;
        else if (price <= 50000)
            dis = price * 0.075;
        else if (price <= 100000)
            dis = price * 0.1;
        else
            dis = price * 0.15;
            
        amt = price - dis;
    }
    
    public void display() {
        System.out.println("Name: " + name);
        System.out.println("Discount: " + dis);
        System.out.println("Amount to be paid: " + amt);
    }
    
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        
        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter Customer Name: ");
        String str = in.nextLine();
        System.out.print("Enter Price: ");
        int p = in.nextInt();
        
        Laptop obj = new Laptop(str,p);
        obj.compute();
        obj.display();
    }
}

Output

Question 3

Write a program by using a class with the following specifications:

Class name — Calculate

Instance variables:

1. int num
2. int f
3. int rev

Member Methods:

1. Calculate(int n) — to initialize num with n, f and rev with 0 (zero)
2. int prime() — to return 1, if number is prime
3. int reverse() — to return reverse of the number
4. void display() — to check and print whether the number is a prime palindrome or not

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Calculate
{
    private int num;
    private int f;
    private int rev;

    public Calculate(int n) {
        num = n;
        f = 0;
        rev = 0;
    }

    public int prime() {

        f = 1;

        if (num == 0 || num == 1)
            f = 0;
        else
            for (int i = 2; i <= num / 2; i++) {
                if (num % i == 0) {
                    f = 0;
                    break;
                }
            }

        return f;
    }

    public int reverse() {
        
        int t = num;
        
        while (t != 0) {
            int digit = t % 10;
            rev = rev * 10 + digit;
            t /= 10;
        }
        
        return rev;
    }
    
    public void display() {
        if (f == 1 && rev == num)
            System.out.println(num + " is prime palindrome");
        else
            System.out.println(num + " is not prime palindrome");
    }
    
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        
        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter number: ");
        int x = in.nextInt();
        
        Calculate obj = new Calculate(x);
        obj.prime();
        obj.reverse();
        obj.display();
    }
}

Output

Question 4

Define a class Arrange described as below:

Data members/instance variables:

1. String str (a word)
2. String i
3. int p (to store the length of the word)
4. char ch;

Member Methods:

1. A parameterised constructor to initialize the data member
2. To accept the word
3. To arrange all the alphabets of word in ascending order of their ASCII values without using the sorting technique
4. To display the arranged alphabets.

Write a main method to create an object of the class and call the above member methods.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Arrange
{
    private String str;
    private String i;
    private int p;
    private char ch;
    
    public Arrange(String s) {
        str = s;
        i = "";
        p = s.length();
        ch = 0;
    }
    
    public void rearrange() {
        for (int a = 65; a <= 90; a++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < p; j++) {
                ch = str.charAt(j);
                if (a == Character.toUpperCase(ch))
                    i += ch;
            }
        }
    }
    
    public void display() {
        System.out.println("Alphabets in ascending order:");
        System.out.println(i);
    }
    
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter a word: ");
        String word = in.nextLine();
        
        Arrange obj = new Arrange(word);
        obj.rearrange();
        obj.display();
    }
}

Output

Question 5

Write a program by using a class in Java with the following specifications:

Class name — Stringop

Data members:

1. String str

Member functions:

1. Stringop() — to initialize str with NULL
2. void accept() — to input a sentence
3. void encode() — to replace and print each character of the string with the second next character in the ASCII table. For example, A with C, B with D and so on
4. void print() — to print each word of the String in a separate line

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Stringop
{
    private String str;

    public Stringop() {
        str = null;
    }

    public void accept() {
        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.println("Enter a sentence: ");
        str = in.nextLine();
    }

    public void encode() {
        char[] arr = new char[str.length()];
        for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
            arr[i] = (char)(str.charAt(i) + 2);
        }
        str = new String(arr);
        System.out.println("\nEncoded Sentence:");
        System.out.println(str);
    }

    public void print() {
        System.out.println("\nPrinting each word on a separate line:");
        int s = 0;
        while (s < str.length()) {
            int e = str.indexOf(' ', s);
            if (e == -1)
                e = str.length();
            System.out.println(str.substring(s, e));
            s = e + 1;
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        Stringop obj = new Stringop();
        obj.accept();
        obj.print();
        obj.encode();
    }
}

Output

Question 6

The population of a country in a particular year can be calculated by:
p*(1+r/100) at the end of year 2000, where p is the initial population and r is the
growth rate.

Write a program by using a class to find the population of the country at the end of each year from 2001 to 2007. The Class has the following specifications:

Class name — Population

Data Members — float p,r

Member Methods:

1. Population(int a,int b) — Constructor to initialize p and r with a and b respectively.
2. void print() — to calculate and print the population of each year from 2001 to 2007.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Population
{
    private float p;
    private float r;

    public Population(float a, float b)
    {
        p = a;
        r = b;
    }

    public void print() {
        float q = p;
        for (int y = 2001; y <= 2007; y++) {
            q = q * (1 + r / 100);
            System.out.println("Population in " + y + ": " + q);
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        
        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter population in the year 2000: ");
        float x = in.nextFloat();
        System.out.print("Enter growth rate: ");
        float y = in.nextFloat();
        
        Population obj = new Population(x,y);
        obj.print();
    }
}

Output

Question 7

Write a program in Java to find the roots of a quadratic equation ax²+bx+c=0 with the following specifications:

Class name — Quad

Data Members — float a,b,c,d (a,b,c are the co-efficients & d is the discriminant), r1 and r2 are the roots of the equation.

Member Methods:

1. quad(int x,int y,int z) — to initialize a=x, b=y, c=z, d=0
2. void calculate() — Find d=b²-4ac

If d < 0 then print "Roots not possible" otherwise find and print:
r1 = (-b + √d) / 2a
r2 = (-b - √d) / 2a

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Quad
{
    private float a;
    private float b;
    private float c;
    private float d;
    private float r1;
    private float r2;

    public Quad(float x, float y, float z)
    {
        a = x;
        b = y;
        c = z;
        d = 0;
    }

    public void calculate() {
        d= (b * b) - (4 * a * c);
        if (d < 0)
            System.out.println("Roots not possible");
        else {
            r1 = (float)((-b + Math.sqrt(d)) / (2 * a));
            r2 = (float)((-b - Math.sqrt(d)) / (2 * a));
            System.out.println("r1=" + r1);
            System.out.println("r2=" + r2);
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        
        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter a: ");
        float x = in.nextFloat();
        System.out.print("Enter b: ");
        float y = in.nextFloat();
        System.out.print("Enter z: ");
        float z = in.nextFloat();
        
        Quad obj = new Quad(x,y,z);
        obj.calculate();
    }
}

Output

Question 8

Define a class named FruitJuice with the following description:

Data Members	Purpose
int product_code	stores the product code number
String flavour	stores the flavour of the juice (e.g., orange, apple, etc.)
String pack_type	stores the type of packaging (e.g., tera-pack, PET bottle, etc.)
int pack_size	stores package size (e.g., 200 mL, 400 mL, etc.)
int product_price	stores the price of the product

Member Methods	Purpose
FruitJuice()	constructor to initialize integer data members to 0 and string data members to ""
void input()	to input and store the product code, flavour, pack type, pack size and product price
void discount()	to reduce the product price by 10
void display()	to display the product code, flavour, pack type, pack size and product price

import java.util.Scanner;

public class FruitJuice
{
    private int product_code;
    private String flavour;
    private String pack_type;
    private int pack_size;
    private int product_price;
    
    public FruitJuice() {
        product_code = 0;
        flavour = "";
        pack_type = "";
        pack_size = 0;
        product_price = 0;
    }
    
    public void input() {
        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter Flavour: ");
        flavour = in.nextLine();
        System.out.print("Enter Pack Type: ");
        pack_type = in.nextLine();
        System.out.print("Enter Product Code: ");
        product_code = in.nextInt();
        System.out.print("Enter Pack Size: ");
        pack_size = in.nextInt();
        System.out.print("Enter Product Price: ");
        product_price = in.nextInt();
    }
    
    public void discount() {
        product_price -= 10;
    }
    
    public void display() {
        System.out.println("Product Code: " + product_code);
        System.out.println("Flavour: " + flavour);
        System.out.println("Pack Type: " + pack_type);
        System.out.println("Pack Size: " + pack_size);
        System.out.println("Product Price: " + product_price);
    }
    
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        FruitJuice obj = new FruitJuice();
        obj.input();
        obj.discount();
        obj.display();
    }
}

Output

Question 9

The basic salary of employees is undergoing a revision. Define a class called Grade_Revision with the following specifications:

Data Members	Purpose
String name	to store name of the employee
int bas	to store basic salary
int expn	to consider the length of service as an experience
double inc	to store increment
double nbas	to store new basic salary (basic + increment)

Member Methods	Purpose
Grade_Revision()	constructor to initialize all data members
void accept()	to input name, basic and experience
void increment()	to calculate increment based on experience as per the table given below
void display()	to print all the details of an employee

Experience	Increment
Up to 3 years	₹1,000 + 10% of basic
3 years or more and up to 5 years	₹3,000 + 12% of basic
5 years or more and up to 10 years	₹5,000 + 15% of basic
10 years or more	₹8,000 + 20% of basic

Write the main method to create an object of the class and call all the member methods.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Grade_Revision
{
    private String name;
    private int bas;
    private int expn;
    private double inc;
    private double nbas;
    
    public Grade_Revision() {
        name = "";
        bas = 0;
        expn = 0;
        inc = 0.0;
        nbas = 0.0;
    }
    
    public void accept() {
        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter name: ");
        name = in.nextLine();
        System.out.print("Enter basic: ");
        bas = in.nextInt();
        System.out.print("Enter experience: ");
        expn = in.nextInt();
    }
    
    public void increment() {
        if (expn <= 3)
            inc = 1000 + (bas * 0.1);
        else if (expn <= 5)
            inc = 3000 + (bas * 0.12);
        else if (expn <= 10)
            inc = 5000 + (bas * 0.15);
        else
            inc = 8000 + (bas * 0.2);
            
        nbas = bas + inc;
    }
    
    public void display() {
        System.out.println("Name: " + name);
        System.out.println("Basic: " + bas);
        System.out.println("Experience: " + expn);
        System.out.println("Increment: " + inc);
        System.out.println("New Basic: " + nbas);
    }
    
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        Grade_Revision obj = new Grade_Revision();
        obj.accept();
        obj.increment();
        obj.display();
    }
}

Output

Question 10

Define a class called Student to check whether a student is eligible for taking admission in class XI with the following specifications:

Data Members	Purpose
String name	to store name
int mm	to store marks secured in Maths
int scm	to store marks secured in Science
double comp	to store marks secured in Computer

Member Methods	Purpose
Student( )	parameterised constructor to initialize the data members by accepting the details of a student
check( )	to check the eligibility for course based on the table given below
void display()	to print the eligibility by using check() function in nested form

Marks	Eligibility
90% or more in all the subjects	Science with Computer
Average marks 90% or more	Bio-Science
Average marks 80% or more and less than 90%	Science with Hindi

Write the main method to create an object of the class and call all the member methods.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Student
{
    private String name;
    private int mm;
    private int scm;
    private int comp;

    public Student(String n, int m, int sc, int c) {
        name = n;
        mm = m;
        scm = sc;
        comp = c;
    }

    private String check() {
        String course = "Not Eligible";
        double avg = (mm + scm + comp) / 3.0;
        
        if (mm >= 90 && scm >= 90 && comp >= 90)
            course = "Science with Computer";
        else if (avg >= 90)
            course = "Bio-Science";
        else if (avg >= 80)
            course = "Science with Hindi";

        return course;
    }
    
    public void display() {
        String eligibility = check();
        System.out.println("Eligibility: " + eligibility);
    }
    
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        
        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter Name: ");
        String n = in.nextLine();
        System.out.print("Enter Marks in Maths: ");
        int maths = in.nextInt();
        System.out.print("Enter Marks in Science: ");
        int sci = in.nextInt();
        System.out.print("Enter Marks in Computer: ");
        int compSc = in.nextInt();
        
        Student obj = new Student(n, maths, sci, compSc);
        obj.display();
    }
}

Output

Question 11

Define a class Bill that calculates the telephone bill of a consumer with the following description:

Data Members	Purpose
int bno	bill number
String name	name of consumer
int call	no. of calls consumed in a month
double amt	bill amount to be paid by the person

Member Methods	Purpose
Bill()	constructor to initialize data members with default initial value
Bill(...)	parameterised constructor to accept billno, name and no. of calls consumed
Calculate()	to calculate the monthly telephone bill for a consumer as per the table given below
Display()	to display the details

Units consumed	Rate
First 100 calls	₹0.60 / call
Next 100 calls	₹0.80 / call
Next 100 calls	₹1.20 / call
Above 300 calls	₹1.50 / call

Fixed monthly rental applicable to all consumers: ₹125

Create an object in the main() method and invoke the above functions to perform the desired task.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Bill
{
    private int bno;
    private String name;
    private int call;
    private double amt;
    
    public Bill() {
        bno = 0;
        name = "";
        call = 0;
        amt = 0.0;
    }
    
    public Bill(int bno, String name, int call) {
        this.bno = bno;
        this.name = name;
        this.call = call;
    }
    
    public void calculate() {
        double charge;
        if (call <= 100)
            charge = call * 0.6;
        else if (call <= 200)
            charge = 60 + ((call - 100) * 0.8);
        else if (call <= 300)
            charge = 60 + 80 + ((call - 200) * 1.2);
        else
            charge = 60 + 80 + 120 + ((call - 300) * 1.5);
            
        amt = charge + 125;
    }
    
    public void display() {
        System.out.println("Bill No: " + bno);
        System.out.println("Name: " + name);
        System.out.println("Calls: " + call);
        System.out.println("Amount Payable: " + amt);
    }
    
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        
        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter Name: ");
        String custName = in.nextLine();
        System.out.print("Enter Bill Number: ");
        int billNum = in.nextInt();
        System.out.print("Enter Calls: ");
        int numCalls = in.nextInt();
        
        Bill obj = new Bill(billNum, custName, numCalls);
        obj.calculate();
        obj.display();
    }
}

Output

Question 12

Define a class called BookFair with the following description:

Data Members	Purpose
String Bname	stores the name of the book
double price	stores the price of the book

Member Methods	Purpose
BookFair( )	Constructor to initialize data members
void input( )	To input and store the name and price of the book
void calculate( )	To calculate the price after discount. Discount is calculated as per the table given below
void display( )	To display the name and price of the book after discount

Price	Discount
Less than or equal to ₹1000	2% of price
More than ₹1000 and less than or equal to ₹3000	10% of price
More than ₹3000	15% of price

Write a main method to create an object of the class and call the above member methods.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class BookFair
{
    private String bname;
    private double price;
    
    public BookFair() {
        bname = "";
        price = 0.0;
    }
    
    public void input() {
        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Enter name of the book: ");
        bname = in.nextLine();
        System.out.print("Enter price of the book: ");
        price = in.nextDouble();
    }
    
    public void calculate() {
        double disc;
        if (price <= 1000)
            disc = price * 0.02;
        else if (price <= 3000)
            disc = price * 0.1;
        else
            disc = price * 0.15;
            
        price -= disc;
    }
    
    public void display() {
        System.out.println("Book Name: " + bname);
        System.out.println("Price after discount: " + price);
    }
    
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        BookFair obj = new BookFair();
        obj.input();
        obj.calculate();
        obj.display();
    }
}

Output